Gender Roles of Boys and Girls Essay - 847 Words

Sondra Staubitz English 102 Paper #1 March 3, 2011 â€Å"Boys and Girls† â€Å"Boys and Girls† is a coming of age story about a girl who is enjoying her life as a tomboy. The young girl, who does not want to assume traditional female gender roles and is very resistant about becoming a woman. The story â€Å"Boys and Girls† by Alice Munro explores issues of feminism, and gender roles through key elements such as characterization, symbolism, and theme. The author presents her characters through direct description and also shows them in action. In â€Å"Boys and Girls† the central character is a young girl who narrates the story about her life on a farm and about her search for gender identity.†¦show more content†¦The girl and her brother climbed up the fence and watched Flora running free in the barnyard. Despite the fact that Flora was just an old mare, â€Å"it was exciting to see her running, whinnying, going up on her hind legs, prancing and threatening like a horse in a Weste rn movie† (Munro 577). Generally, a horse that runs free like â€Å"an unbroken ranch horse,† symbolizes a freedom of spirit and freedom of existence. The horse that was locked in a dark stable for several long winter months, could not resist the power of space and fresh air, and understandably went wild, when she was taken out on a bright spring day. Perhaps, a sense of the coming end made Flora take advantage of a sudden freedom and enjoys the last moments of her life. No wonder that the independence-spirited girl, who was confined in the same old farm for eleven years, got excited about watching broken free Flora. The theme of â€Å"Boys and Girls† addresses the challenges of acquiring self-awareness as a girl and the transition from the childhood tomboy into the woman her mother wants her to be. The girl feels uneasy about becoming a woman, because she enjoys helping her father and respects his work. The girl does not want to take part in the female gend er chores in the house; she wants to work outside with her father. The story is centered on gender roles of women and the girl must face and accept that her role is notShow MoreRelatedGender Roles For Boys And Girls Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesSo, what if a boy in the classroom decides that they want to play house with a baby doll or maybe dress up as a princess? Or maybe a girl decides she would rather get dirty and play monster than play dolls. Those children would be going against the typical general roles for boys and girls. Some adults are not ok with children going against their typical role, for example if a boy plays with a doll some adults feel that they are losing their masculinity. However it is okay if a girl decides to playRead MoreGender Roles in Alice Munros Boys and Girls1081 Words   |  5 PagesIn Alice Munro’s short story â€Å"Boys and Girls,† our narrator is a young farm girl on the verge of puberty who is learning what it means to be a â€Å"girl.† The story shows the differing gender roles of boys and girls – specifically that women are the weaker, more emotional sex – by showing how the adults of the story expect the children to grow into their respective roles as a girl and a boy, and how the children grow up and ultimately begin to fulfill these roles, making the transition from being â€Å"children†Read MoreGender Roles In Boys And Girls By Alice Munro815 Words   |  4 PagesIn a time and society pervaded with gender roles and labels, bo ys and girls tells a story of a young girl’s initial confrontation with domesticity. To set the stage, the protagonist is a 10-year old unnamed girl. Meanwhile, her brother was named synonymous to â€Å"Lord†, a titled gentleman. Apparently, Alice Munro will not take this treatment of women as second class citizens sitting down. My father did not talk to me unless it was about the job we were doing†¦ Nevertheless I worked willingly underRead MoreGender Roles In Boys And Girls By Alice Munro1192 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically, gender roles determined one’s course of life. Learning from generations past and how a person is raised, teaches one what is expected of them in the future. In Alice Munro’s short story â€Å"Boys and Girls†, the expectations of each gender determines the narrator’s role in society and who she becomes. This story is set in the mid twentieth century, a time where men and women were seen as having different purposes in life (Jade Mazarin). Throughout the story, it is portrayed that men wereRead MoreGender Roles : Alice Munro s Boys And Girls 1051 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles In Alice Munro’s â€Å"Boys and Girls†, the story is focused on a working class family who lives on a farm. A man’s role on the farm or in general is to work for the family and do the heavy work that a woman wouldn’t be able to do. The daughter in the story is very much inspired by the father and wishes to pursue in the activities that are being performed around the farm. The mother needs help around the house and that was the role many females took over for many centuries and generationsRead MoreGender Roles Are Perceived By Society Between Girls And Boys1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe research is to analyze and compare two studies of how gender roles are perceived by society between girls verse boys in science, technology fields in comparison to sports. The researchers collected data from both studies to help give a better understanding in the roles of femininity verse masculinity, and to determine what career choices girls and boys were likely to be int erested in. The first research is a qualitative study of why girls were interested in the fields of science, math, and engineeringRead MoreEssay Gender Roles in Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls1484 Words   |  6 PagesWhether it is the past or the present, there have always been gender roles in society. In most homes, it is the woman’s responsibility to take care of the house. This includes cleaning, meal preparations, raising and taking care of the children as well as the husband. Compared to the men who take care of the more physical activities, such as yard work. It was known throughout many years that it was a woman’s responsibility to stay in the house while the man would go out and look for work to provideRead More Gender Role Reevaluation in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro Essay775 Words   |  4 PagesGender Role Reevaluation in Boys and Girls      Ã‚   Recent history boldly notes the protests and political unrest surrounding the Vietnam Conflict during the 1960s and 70s. However, equally important in this era are the women who pushed for gender role reevaluation and publicly rebelled against the established social norm of a womans place. Although Alice Munro may not have been burning her bra on the courthouse steps, threads of a feminist influence can be found in Boys and Girls.Read MoreGender Roles in Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls and Bobbie Ann Mason’s Shiloh1068 Words   |  5 Pageshousewife was absurd, and a woman being the sole provider for the family bizarre. In Alice Munro’s short story â€Å"Boys and Girls† and Bobbie Ann Mason’s â€Å"Shiloh†, conflict arises when expectations based on gender are not fulfilled by the characters. According to â€Å"Boys and Girls†, there are certain things women should not be doing as defined by their genders. The narrator, a young girl, feels more inclined to spend her time outside alongside her father, â€Å"I worked willingly under his eyes, and withRead MoreDo Schools and Mass Media Contribute to Stereotyped Gender Roles in Chinese Society?1586 Words   |  6 PagesGender role is defined as the social position and behavioral norm that is considered appropriate for an individual of a specific gender in the society (Liu, 2003). Every society has its unique culture and gender role is one of the products of a society’s history and culture. It is not set up by a single person within a short period, but by countless people in the society for thousands years. Parents started to shape their children’s gender by dressing and naming them according to their gender soon

Notes on the European Union Free Essays

1) Key theoretical approaches to the European Integration Background – Intellectual context - ­? to understand the theories of European integration, it is important to consider the intellectual context from which the idea of European integration emerged Federalism – Altiero Spinelli - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? Spinelli: leader of the European Union of Federalists: Idea: after the Second World War, the classes most privileged under old national system will seek a new order of nation states, that might appear democratic, but the power will return to the privileged classes eventually a? renewing war between states Proposal: o prevent this development, create a federal European state to subordinate national governments to a federal authority a? strategy of the Federalists, aimed to create a federal constitution for Europe Development: Congress took time to organize, taken place in Hague in 1948. By that time, national political systems were already re- ­? establi shed a? Congress turned into the Council of Europe, not a new federal constitutional order Problem: diversity of Europe, different connotations in different part of Europe Mitrany: born in Romania, lived in UK and US, to build a â€Å"working peace system†, influencing integration heorists Against federalism b/c: o Single world government = threat to individual freedom o Regional federations = reproducing national rivalries on a larger scale Idea: root of the war = nationalism Proposal: create a separate international functional agencies, each with authority over specific area of human life o Scheme: individual tasks taken out of the control of the government, handing them to the functional agencies o Argument: Governments will surrender control because they will not fear the loss of sovereignty over e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on the European Union or any similar topic only for you Order Now health care, but rather appreciate the advantages of such tasks performed at the egional/world level o a? the more areas of control surrounded, the less states are capable of independent action a? the harder it is to break from the agencies Jean Monnet: planner of a Schuman Plan Combining ideas of functionalism and federalism, crucial for the neofunctionalist theory of European integration Functionalism – David Mitrany - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? Functional- ­? Federalism – Jean Monnet - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? Idea: European nation state is inadequate as an economic unit Proposal: developing of supranational institutions as the basis for building economic community (coal and steel at the beginning) o Scheme: remove ontrol of the strategically crucial industries (coal and steel) from the governments, handing over to a free- ­? standing agency (High Authority) o Challenge: Western German State o Solution: strategic industries removed from German control; ensuring adequate supplies of coal for the French steel industry a? economies are interconnected Theories Neofuncionalism – Ernst Haas - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? Pluralist theory – state not a single unified actor, neither it is the only actor on the international stage (non- ­? state actors also important) Integration = process, once started, would undermine the sovereignty of states eyond the expectations of governments Activities of states = outcome of pluralistic political process, in which government decisions are influenced by the interest groups and bureaucratic actors European Commission = most important non- ­? state international actor, manipulating domestic and international pressures on national governments to advance to process of European integration Mechanisms of the integration o Spillover  §? Integration in one sector will cause integration in further sectors, in order to fully enjoy the benefits of the integration of the original sector 1. Functi onal spillover †¢ Economies made up of nterconnected parts a? impossible to isolate one sector from others †¢ If MS integrated one sector of the economies, the interconnectedness between the sectors will lead to a spillover into other sectors †¢ Integration in one sector will work only if the interconnected sector is also integrated †¢ E. g. : increasing coal production across MS requires brining other forms of energy into the scheme. Otherwise, switch by one MS away from coal towards e. g. oil or nuclear fuel will throw out all the calculations for coal production 2. Political spillover †¢ Building up political pressure in favor of further integration †¢ Once ne sector is integrated, lobbying of interest groups occurs at supranational level (the organization in charge of running that sector) - ­? - ­? Groups will appreciate the benefits as a result of integration, realizing the barriers preventing these benefits from being fully enjoyed (not integr ating other sectors) a? advocating further integration and lobbying the governments †¢ E. g. : ECSC makes the representatives it the coal and steel industry switching the lobby activities (partly) from national governments to the new supranational agency (High Authority) o Technocratic automaticity  §? Institutions created will sponsor urther integration as they become more powerful and autonomous than member states Assessment of the theory o 1950s: neofunctionalism = winning theory explaining the transition from the ECSC into EC o 1960s: the end of neofunctionalism – Empty Chair Crisis (1965 – 1966) Gaulle’s veto; national governments showing power they are ready to use to determine the nature and pace of integration Aspects to be considered – theory not always applicable o Pluralist social structures  §? Member states must be democratic o Substantial economic and industrial development  §? A certain level of development – no significan t gap among hem o Common ideology among participating units  §? No centrally planned economies †¢ Mistakes of neofunctionalism: o Regional integration is not a self- ­? contained process, but influence by a wider international context o Governments are uniquely powerful actors as they had formal sovereignty and democratic legitimacy o integration in low politics, not high politics (national security, defense) as states tend to protect their sovereignty (advocated by French in 1950) national government controls the nature and pace of integration in order to protect and promote national interest acknowledges the importance of other ctors than governments: o low politics (e. g. social policy): interest groups did influence, but were no the only ones – also government officials, parties in office rejects the theory of spillover effects: rejects the idea of common security policy, foreign policy or common armed forces power of supranational institutions increased because governments believed it to be their national interest a? integration only as far as the government allows power to the European Council and Council of Europe Intergovernmentalism – Stanley Hoffman - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? Liberal intergovernmentalism – Andrew Moravcsik - ­? - ­? ational interests = part of a domestic political process, within which economic interests are dominant two- ­? level game o demand side  §? political elites, lobbyist, interest groups are acting and forming the demand of the state a? domestic events influence the demands of state interests on the international level o supply side  §? interacting of each state with conflicting interests on the level of intergovernmental sessions – Council of Ministers †¢ 1st stage – reach agreement on the common policy †¢ 2nd stage – reach agreement on institutional arrangements supranational institutions reduce transactional costs – more ff icient to co- ­? exist a? institutions = tools, the main emphasis is on member states that can reduce the power of its supranational bodies Theory applied on negotiation of the Treaties of Rome (1955 – 58), Consolidation of the common market and CAP (1958 – 83), negotiation of SEA (1984 – 88), negotiation of the Treaty on EU (1988 – 91) a? conclusions: 1. Decisions = reflection of the preferences of national governments, not preferences of supranational organizations 2. National preferences = reflection of the balance of economic interests 3. delegating the power to the supranational authority means to ensure the ommitments of all parties, not a belief in the inherent efficiency of international organizations - ­? - ­? Extra Supranational governance – Stone Sweet, Sandholtz - ­? - ­? EU not one international regimes, but a series of regimes Increased transactions across national borders would create supranational society that favored the creation of supranational rules (more simple for operation) Multi- ­? level governance – Gary Marks - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? rather an approach – EU as a political system with interconnected institutions existing at multiple levels with unique features national government = important decisional role, upranational institutions = autonomic role multilevel actions by multilevel actors (lobbies, companies, parties, states, interest groups) at international, state and regional level a? no superior actor, they are equal many informal relations existing (European norms), that are respected by different actors theory does not address the issue of transferring sovereignty and loyalty Constructivism - ­? - ­? rather an approach advocate of Europeanization, establishing common norms, habits, culture to bring people together – new social community (ministries with European department to synchronize the policies with the ones of he EU) – recognizes mul ti- ­? level governance popular in EU 15 - ­? 2) Formation of 3 Communities in the context of economic and political developments in post- ­? WWII Europe ECSC – 1952 – Treaty of Paris EEC, EURATOM – 1957 – Treaty of Rome Motives for the formation of the Communities - ­? - ­? - ­? - ­? Reaction to the World Wars: horrifying example (lost lives) a? seeking a peaceful and stable European environment, political and economic cooperation instead of competition Soviet threat: cooperation blocks further Soviet expansion a? Cold war = catalyst for integration of western Europe Political willingness: political ooperation and development replacing economic competition, viewed as a factor in the outbreak of wars o countries seeking cooperation for different reasons  §? Germany, Italy – seeking respectability  §? France – seeking security from Germany Economic development: destroyed Europe needed reconstruction o Marshall plan (US inter ested in Europe) – financing the reconstruction of Europe, establishing what is now known as OECD o Bretton Woods Conference  §? 1944, 44 nations to talk about post- ­? war economic order  §? GATT  §? IMF (to regulate the international monetary and financial order a? stable exchange rate) Schuman: French Foreign Minister; plan in collaboration with Jean Monnet Key points o relations between France and Germany needs to be renewed o linking French and German coal and steel industry by placing under control of a supranational body a? making war unthinkable and materially impossible (coal and steel = needed to produce armaments, thus capability of waging war) UK no involved in negotiations 1950 Schuman plan - ­? - ­? - ­? ECSC – Treaty of Paris (1951/1952) - ­? - ­? - ­? reduce tariffs by imposing levies on coal and steel production failed to create a single market for coal and steel a? further step needed joined by How to cite Notes on the European Union, Essay examples

Blue Ridge Spain Essay Example

Blue Ridge Spain Paper Overall comments: need to tie narrative to terms/concepts from the book. Should stratify comments into uncontrollable and controllable forces. (like Todd did) Although Blue Ridge Restaurants had success with expansion and joint ventures in Australia, the UK, France, Italy, Brazil and Hong Kong through 1987, many differing factors were at play when Yannis Costas evaluated the market and strategy for the Spain in the 1ate 1990s. Factors described by D. A.Ball, et al, 1, considered relevant in a country screening and assessing market expansion, especially the xx screen, political and legal and the fourth screen, socio-cultural, were not favorable for an aggressive expansion in Spain. The key issues in the Delta Foods expansion in Spain are: Probe deeper on these questions: 1. What are the expertise strengths and unique resources that each partner brought to the joint venture? 2. Why does or doesn’t Blue Ridge need a joint venture in Spain? 3. Why does or doesnt Terralumen need a partner to develop such a business in Spain? Environment for joint venture * Peculiarities for doing business in Spain-failure to use value chain analysis What was the competitive cost position at the end of the value chain? * Terralumen is a package good company looking for restaurant partner * Market demand-package foods industry and non-tapas menu items popular with working professionals in urban areas only * Pressing Spaniards on American goals * Spanish economic trials of 1998-2004 * Lack of implementation plan-see keys to resource deployment Impedances: Socio-Cultural Fear of being exploited * Explain uncertainty avoidance and masculinity/femininity concepts for Terralumen and BR/Delta Cultural differences, as related to doing business, come into play here in the Blue Ridge case Study. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Ridge Spain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Ridge Spain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Ridge Spain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Significant cross cultural conflicts between parent companies of different nationalities paved the way for the dissolution of the joint venture between Delta and Terralumen. In a Board of Director’s meeting, the American-Spanish joint venture partners could not work together or agree on common goals and policies, or resolve problems. The Hofstede Model has demonstrated that individuals living in a particular country tend to share similar values, and that they bring these values to the firms for which they work. The stark contrast of cultural values between managers of Delta and Terralumen make it difficult to ensure the success and the longevity of Blue Ridge Spain The European Regional Director, Yannis Costas, is of Greek nationality. According to Hofstede, Greece is high on power distance and high on uncertainty avoidance. In the Greek culture, people respect senior manager and would not prefer a young inexperienced manager. On the one hand Costas has put much effort into the joint venture and identifies with his work. That’s why he wants to help Blue Ridge. On the other hand, he has a good relationship to the Spaniards who value his ability to establish an interpersonal relationship which can also be traced back to his Greek roots. Decisions are made on subjective feelings and he wants a harmonious balance, a consensus. Overall, he is rather on the side of the Spaniards. As a Greek, Costas values the solid interpersonal relationship and trust which he and Francisco Alvarez had built over the years in trying to foster a successful joint venture. Costas was often employed to solve conflicts and mend damaged relationships. He also questioned the ethics of his company’s strategy to secretly achieve the upper hand in buyout negotiations. Alvarez, representing Terralumen, is from Spain. He shares many similar cultural characteristics with Costas, including patience and mutual respect. This explains how Costas and Alvarez have come to establish solid friendship and cooperation throughout the joint venture Add: Impedences: Ethics * Avoid retelling the facts of the case * Is there something in the Donaldson article on ethics? Geoff Dryden and the company he represented faced the ethical dilemma of how one should act when cross the national boundaries; with unfamiliar law and unclear ethical conduct he faced, one should question Geoff conduct. Geoff who had no overseas experience was transferred from US Delta snack food division to Europe had secretly made suggestion to let Terralumen default on its debt so that they can force a buyout. Geoff and Delta did not act ethically by pursuing this strategy which showed ethical imperialism of individual and the company which allowed it to happen; one should not act differently when away from home. People’s perception would be affected if they knew that Delta had intensionally let the other could have financial implication In addition, another unethical moment came from Bill Sawyer when he deceived Costas by suggesting that the company will be hiring someone with experience but in turn they hired someone with very little experience compared to Costas’s. The core values establish a moral compass for business practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I honesty and integrity is a universal practice and by Bill’s actions and company’s tolerance of it, it represented low level of ethical standard for himself and the company that did not allow full disclosure in hiring process. Also Terralumen had decided to give power of attorney to one individual who can make a decision that will impact the entire joint venture existence; this decision represent unethical practice for the company. Terralumen should have full disclosure practice that would allow for all critical decision been communicated among joint venture. This practice would have allowed other members a chance to evaluate the decision taken by Terralumen and see what impacts will it have on the existing joint venture. To give the power of attorney to Francisco Alvarez without consultation of other member of joint venture represented unethical act. While the culture and personality of the decision makers impact the important choices made in cases like this one, equally important are the countless spreadsheets and documents that contain the financial factors integral to the success or failure of an international business affair. The original development plan agreed to in 1998 (exhibit 2) was a far more conservative approach that would see approximately ten new stores per year opened in Spain. With an initial capital investment of around $1 million per store, and a lengthy 18-24 period between the time of investment and the construction of the location, the venture would be operating on very thin margins in the early years, with the hope that the continued expansion would lead to higher profits in the latter years of the plan. Financial Analysis Insert your sources/citings Delta’s overly aggressive growth strategy set a goal at expanding at three times the pace of the 1998 agreement. Delta’s decision to utilize a consulting firm based in the U. S. might have been a contributing factor to this unrealistic goal. As Bell (2010) states, sometimes management needs to gather data in the potential market rather than just using desk and field reports. For example, the American consultants might not have been privy to the key money costs of around $100k paid off-the-books to property owners at the signing. With a goal of opening thirty stores per year, this would add an additional $3 million per year in expenses in addition to the other costly expenses. It would’ve also behooved the Delta consultants to consider the uncontrollable economic forces that were going to come into play with their expansion plans. While there were some key economic indicators in Spain working in Delta’s favor, such as a GDP went from just under 3. 5% in early 1997 to over 4. % in early 1998, there were also some warning signs that should have lead them to temper expectations in this market . One of these warning signs deals with Spain’s unemployment rate. As shown by the chart below, Spain’s unemployment rate during this time period was hovering around 20%, although it was beginning to show signs of improvement. While this might be a sign of many possible new hires to work in the restaurants, it also signals a rather weak economy and a potential dearth of customers. Some of the controllable forces that Delta could have adjusted their approach to help the joint venture deal with the exorbitant royalties and fees the company desired to collect from its Spanish partner right from the get-go. Squeezing the restaurants for this money in the early stages of expansions could have a demoralizing and costly effect on the local managers as they attempted to build their business and compete against better known Spanish restaurants. The growth strategy into Germany and France seems to be an overly optimistic one, as well. Blue Ridge already had failed at one attempt to enter the French market, and Germany has a culture vastly different than Spain. How could Delta prognosticate having 55 stores within three years in a country where the business model had been an abject failure years before? Without proper planning and a gradual implementation to determine whether the restaurant could succeed in these markets, the company could be faced with an overburdened agenda that could sink the entire plan. Other U. S. ompanies, such as Wal-Mart, learned this lesson the hard way. 1 Ball, D. A. , Geringer, J. M. , Minor, M. S. , and McNett, J. M. (2010) (Assessing and Analyzing Markets) International Business: the Challenge of Global Competition, (12th ed. ) pp 427-464, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin 2 Donaldson, T â€Å"Values in Tension: Ethics Away From Home. † Reprint No. 96502. Harvard Business Review, 2010. ,65 pg 69-72. http://www. coursesmart. com/9781609272852/firstsection#X2ludGVybmFsX1BGUmVhZGVyP 3htbGlkPTk3ODE2MDkyNzI4NTIvNzI=

NANOTECHNOLOGY ( Molecular or NANO- Manufacturing)

NANOTECHNOLOGY ( Molecular or NANO- Manufacturing) Free Online Research Papers The idea of molecular manufacturing is based on the concept of scaling which is hence required to be deeply studied the various concepts for nano based manufacturing have been developed or proposed as a hypothesis. The main concepts with which we deal in this paper are the basic concept of nanotechnology and further the idea of making a basic nano factory, the problem faced due to scaling and various methods and assumptions that can lead to the formation of a feasible nano factory. The performance of advanced products, and some likely applications, are discussed. Finally, considerations and recommendations for a targeted development program are presented. Introduction :- What is Nanotechnology? Technology as said is something which is primarily an application of scientific knowledge for carrying out the production of a product profitably and economically. And as an important upcoming issues which is coming up is the environment factor so it should also meet and taken into consideration. Nanotechnology as said is the technology that deals with nanoscale (1nm-10-9m) its quite obvious that we are here talking about thing or specifically tools and machinery and production at atomic and molecular level. Although the literature of nanotechnology may refer to nanoscale machines, even self-replicating machines built at the atomic level , it is admitted that an assembler breakthrough will be required for this to happen. As a matter of fact a nano scale machine rarely exist. The major problem with the nano scale handling is the laws of classical physics cant be directly applied and the physical behaviour at the nanometer scale is predicted accurately by quantum mechanics, represented by Schrodingers equation. Schrodingers equation provides a quantitative understanding of the structure and properties of atoms Scaling:- Scaling tends to the most important topic amongst the various topic of concern in the field of nanotechnology. As the entire concept of nano production relies on the idea of scaling it is of great intrest. As its known that the when we are talking about nano scales atoms and molecules are to be talking into consideration and for information purpose the size of an atom is about (0.1nm) therefore to work in that scale it requires great precision and accuracy in addition to this a very important factor that is present there is the change in physical properties like resonant frequency. 1 mm 10 nm :- classical scaling Plenty of room at the bottom Think of reducing the scale of working devices and machines from lmm to lnm, six orders of magnitude! Over most of this scaling range, perhaps the first five orders of magnitude, down to 10 nm (100 Angstroms), the laws of classical Newtonian physics may well suffice to describe changes in behaviour. This classical range of scaling is so large, and the changes in magnitudes of important physical properties, such as resonant frequencies, are so great, that completely different applications may appear. lecture by Richard Feynman A suitable example to understand the problem of scaling Strength and mass are completely different kinds of thing, and cant be directly compared. But they both affect the performance of systems, and they both scale in predictable ways. Scaling laws can compare the relative performance of systems at different scales, and the technique works for any systems with the relevant properties- the strength of a steel cable scales the same as a muscle. Any property that can be summarized by a scaling factor, like weight ~ L^3, can be used in this kind of calculation. And most importantly, properties can be combined: just as strength and weight are components of a useful strength-per-weight measure, other quantities like power and volume can be combined to form useful measures like power density. An insect can move its legs back and forth far faster than an elephant. The speed of a leg while its moving may be about the same in each animal, but the distance it has to travel is a lot less in the flea. So frequency of operation ~ L^-1. A machine in a factory might join or cut ten things per second. The fastest biochemical enzymes can perform about a million chemical operations per second. Power density is a very important aspect of machine performance. A basic law of physics says that power is the same as force times speed. And in these terms, force is basically the same as strength. Remember that strength ~ L^2. And were assuming speed is constant. So power ~ L^2: something 10 times as big will have 100 times as much power. But volume ~ L^3, so power per volume or power density ~ L^-1. Suppose an engine 10 cm on a side produces 1,000 watts of power. Then an engine 1 cm on a side should produce 10 watts of power: 1/100 of the ten-times-larger engine. Then 1,000 1-cm engines would take the same volume as one 10-cm engine, but produce 10,000 watts. So according to scaling laws, by building 1,000 times as many parts, and making each part 10 times smaller, you can get 10 times as much power out of the same mass and volume of material. This makes sense- remember that frequency of operation increases as size decreases, so the miniature engines would run at ten times the RPM . Chris Phoenix, CRN Director of Research Posted on August 03, 2004 in Science Technology MOORE’S LAW *The empirical observation that the transistor density of integrated circuits doubles every 2 year Introduction to Molecular manufacturing (NANOFACTORIES):.- The whole concept of molecular manufacturing revolves around the idea of making more precies (Atomic level of precision) products which are more reliable for the purpose of molecular based manufacturing a system of tools and techniques has to be designed to carry out the task. Molecular Manufacturing has basically classified in 3 divisions:- 1. MAIN TYPE OF MOLECULAR MANUFACTURING 2. EXPONENTIAL BASED MANUFACTURING 3. COMBINED OR INTEGRATED TYPE OF MANUFACTURING The basic type or the main type of manufacturing : In this sort of manufacturing process its like individually and digitally controlling each and every part of the product being constructed . To date, many nanotechnology efforts have been content to achieve nanoscale- but not atomic- precision, or to build large quantities of small identical molecules. However, there are some technologies that are on the verge of achieving the goal. Liao and Seeman have built a nanomachine out of DNA2 that can guide the construction of any of several different strands of DNA; the product sequence can be chosen by â€Å"programming† the machine with other DNA strands. This is a demonstration of programmable molecular fabrication. A planned extension to the machine would allow it to build longer and more interesting strands. Although this machine does not select from among multiple sites for the reaction, it does select from among multiple potential reactants, and its product has a precise and programmable molecular structure. Aono3 developed the ability to transport individual silicon atoms from one place to another in a covalent crystal, and was even able to automate this to make two dimensional patterns. Several other researchers have also used electricity (fields and/or currents) with scanning probe microscopes to implement reactions at sites chosen with atomic precision. Hersam4 has removed single selected hydrogen ato ms from silicon at room temperature. Oyabu5 has removed and replaced single silicon atoms with purely mechanical force, but has not yet reported the ability to build multi-atom patterns. 2 Liao S, Seeman NC. (2004). â€Å"Translation of DNA signals into polymer assembly instructions.† Science 306(5704):2072-4 3 See the groups website at jst.go.jp/erato/project/agsh_P/agsh_P.html 4 R. Basu, N. P. Guisinger, M. E. Greene, and M. C. Hersam, â€Å"Room temperature nanofabrication of atomically registered heteromolecular organosilicon nanostructures using multistep feedback controlled lithography,† Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 2619 (2004). See northwestern.edu/univrelations/ media_relations/releases/2004/09/molecular.html 5 Noriaki Oyabu, Óscar Custance, Insook Yi, Yasuhiro Sugawara, and Seizo Morita. (2003). â€Å"Mechanical vertical manipulation of selected single atoms by soft nanoindentation using a near contact atomic force microscope† Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 176102. See http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v90/e176102 and http://focus.aps.org/story/v11/st19 The speed with which a molecular manufacturing tool can create its own mass of product may be called â€Å"relative productivity.† .These types of manufacturing processes are carried out using scanning probe microsopes and electron microscopes and as it can be well calculated that if it takes 1sec to carry out one operation then which can be a deposition of a carbon atom therefore it would take a approx. 6 billion yrs to fabricate its own mass. Therefore this idea of indiviusal based manufacturing is not feasible as it lacks by the time factorand as a concept we take in the idea of Information delivery:- The scaling of operation speed indicates that to embody information in the manufactured product via rapid physical manipulation, it will be necessary to use small actuators. Inkjet printers represent a step in this direction; their print head actuators are a few microns in size, and they can deliver megabytes per second. Furthermore, an inkjet printer can print its weight in ink in about a day. IBMs Millipede, a MEMS-based highly parallel scanning probe microscope array, can modify a substrate rapidly enough to be a serious candidate for computer data storage. Both of these technologies produce only two-dimensional â€Å"product,† but inkjet technology has been adapted to form three dimensional products, and scanning probe arrays have been used for dip-pen nanolithography (DPN). Nanoscale actuators, being smaller, will be able to operate faster and handle higher data rates. As information is required at a very high speed to compensate with the manufacturing process the concept of small embedded computers can also be applied to feed these nanofactories Exponential manufacturing:- In this process nano modules are implemented to carry out the construction of the final product. As its well known from the stated concept of scaling that the frequency of any operation increases when its shrunk down to a smaller level therefore for attaining high speed production of molecular manufacturing. Hences a small nano-factory established to manufacture parts of the product can be assumed and as faster solution. The goal of building functional manufacturing systems implies that the newly built systems must be controllable. Many types of control can be broadcast, including chemicals, photons, pressure, and electric or magnetic fields. Electric current is harder to broadcast, but systems too small to be contacted via micromanipulation could self assemble to electrodes. Electrical control may ultimately be the fastest and most flexible approach. The various techniques developed for carrying out this type of manufacturing are;- Polymer technique:- This techniques basically involves the making of patterns by folding strands of RNA and DNA accordingly into desired shapes Polymer chemistry is known to be quite versatile, and it should be possible to incorporate molecular actuators to select the polymer sequence; this would be faster and probably more reliable than using DNA strands to program the device. Molecular actuators can be controlled and powered by light, electricity, or changes in the composition of the solution.7 Bulk controlled polymerization techniques, such as DNA synthesis, often use two repeated steps: first they make the end of the polymer reactive by â€Å"deprotecting† it, then add a monomer that is protected from further deposition. Nanoscale controlled polymerization could control either the timing of the deprotection step or the monomer selection for the polymerization step. Or the system could protect the addition site by steric hindrance. Alternatively, it could use a polymerization reaction that is exothermic but has a high barrier, and accelerate the desired reaction- possibly by many orders of magnitude8- by holding the monomer in place. The ratio of reaction rates of confined and unconfined monomers will approximate the error rate 7 â€Å"Depending on the type of rotaxane setup, the stimuli can be chemical, electrochemical, or photochemical.† C. Mavroidis, A. Dubey, and M.L. Yarmush. (2004). Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2004. 6:10.1–10.33. bionano.neu.edu/AR220-BE06-10_001-033_.pdf 8 Creighton, T. E. (1984) Proteins. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. Creighton lists one intramolecular reaction with an effective concentration of 3.3109. See discussion in Nanosystems 8.3.3a. (Drexler, 1992, Nanosystems, Wiley) Solid built in solution:- Instead of making strands of desired shapes we can make small blocks at molecular level and then assemble them with the help of hydrogen bonds and cross linking. Solid built in machine phase/ Mechanosynthesis:- In this type of process all the reaction procedures are taking in controls by physical or mechanical procedures. Mechanosynthesis can reduce the rate of unwanted side reactions by preventing the reactants from contacting each other in ways that would allow those reactions to happen. This allows a particular deposition site to be selected from among many chemically similar sites. Engineered heterogeneous products can be built by mechanosynthesis that would be nearly impossible to build by self-assembly or common solution chemistry. Some applications:- Electron microscopes Electron microscopes can image with near-atomic resolution. They can be used to cut carbon nanotubes, even to trim outer tubes from multiwalled tubes14. They can also deposit a variety of materials from gas feedstock (electron beam induced deposition, EBID). These deposits have a feature size as small as 10 nm and can form threedimensional structures.15 Sub-wavelength imaging FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer, which is very sensitive to nanoscale distance) can be used to determine relative positions16. NanoSight has developed an imaging system that can be placed in an existing optical microscope and image 20 nm particles17. AngstroVision has claimed to be developing 3D nm-scale imaging using visible light.18 A paper at NASATech claims that imaging below the diffraction limit should be possible with incoherent light.19 Ion etching Ion etching systems can achieve single-atom accuracy and can use tiltable workpieces.20 This may enable production of freestanding (undercut) kinematic structures from high performance materials that might be useful for research into nanoscale machinery or even as nanoscale molecular manufacturing systems. 14 berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2000/07/27_nano.html 15 nims.go.jp/hvems/nano_char/facilities/facility6/NanofabSEM_e.html 16 iscid.org/encyclopedia/Fluorescense_Resonance_Energy_Transfer 17 nanosight.ukideas.com/ 18 parc.com/cms/get_article.php?id=223 19 â€Å"Parallel-Beam Interferometry With Incoherent Light† nasatech.com/Briefs/Sept00/NPO20687.html 20 Personal communication, Sakhrat Khizroev, December 2004 Conclusion:- Various technologies develop so far and being developed promote the idea that the idea of nano scaling the production line would lead to higher , faster precise and more cheaper rate of production. This pare presents the basic types of techniques laid down by the various research groups. Another aspect of the these nanofactories can be that their development in higher respect can lead to creation of self developing hardware that can be smart and can use there own technology to develop them self’s and creating some product which is more efficient than the previous one. References:- Developing Molecular Manufacturing Chris Phoenix, Director of Research, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology Molecular Manufacturing: What, Why and How Chris Phoenix, Director of Research, Center for Responsible Nanotechnology www.Wikipedia.org Research Papers on NANOTECHNOLOGY ( Molecular or NANO- Manufacturing)Bionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesOpen Architechture a white paperThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export QuotasPETSTEL analysis of India

Dinosaurs at the National Museum of Natural History

Dinosaurs at the National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History The Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of Natural History is comparable in size to New York’s American Museum of Natural History, but less of its floor space is devoted to dinosaurs. Even so, youll find a considerable number of dinosaur skeletons herenot fabricated reproductions, but actual fossils, including the famous roadkill Triceratops that (until the 1990s) was the most complete in the world, the tyrannosaur Gorgosaurus, and the sauropod Diplodocus. Most of these reconstructions can be viewed in the exhibit The Last American Dinosaurs: Discovering a Lost World, along with lesser-known genera like Thescelosaurus and Sphaerotholus. One of the oldest dinosaur museums in the world, the National Museum of Natural History has had to periodically remove its exhibits from display in order to restore or refurbish them (or, in some cases, to completely repose them according to the latest theories of dinosaur physiology). For example, the Triceratops mentioned above has been given a complete facelift, as has the museums famous Stegosaurus (which has been reoriented so that it appears to be reacting to the Allosaurus skeleton directly behind it, which clearly intends to eat it for lunch). If youre interested in any fossils over and above dinosaurs, youll unfortunately have to wait until 2019, as the National Museum prepares the National Fossil Hall for the public. If you simply cant wait, though, you can access a live view of the hall-in-progress at the museums website.

Discussion forum in english 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion forum in english 2 - Essay Example The line of white hills in a way foresees â€Å"the birth of her baby – something unique like the uncommon white elephant. The color white symbolizes the innocence and purity of her unborn child† (Hills Like White Elephants - Literary Analysis). The word white elephant is repeated three times at different junctures of the building of the conflict and each time the reader can feel the inner pang of Jig. The other prominent symbols used are the fields of grain and trees which represent fertility and fruitfulness (the pregnant state of the girl in the story), the Ebro River that represents life and the shadow of cloud that represents the abortion of the fetus and destruction of life (Hills Like White Elephants - Literary Analysis). At the end of the story the reader is left confused as the conflict (that of abortion) is not fully resolved by the writer and is left for the reader to guess about it. Literary devices such as the style, the tone and the use of ironies provides extra charm to the narration and very often the use of effective ironies results in unexpected twists and turns to the development and climax of the story. Kate Chopin’s story "The Story of an Hour" is full of situational ironies. The very title of the story is ironic as it foretells some sort of tragedy that lie ahead the central characters within a time span of one hour. The fake news that her husband is killed makes â€Å"weep at once, with sudden, wild abandonment† and she becomes motionless and quite for a long time (Schakel & Ridl 196). The fact that Mrs. Mallard is â€Å"afflicted with heart trouble† enhances the gravity of the situation and at the end one feels the irony of the opening sentence. However, it is quite ironic that after brooding over the unexpected turning of events she is overwhelmed by a ‘monstrous joy’ and expressions such as â€Å"free, free, free †, â€Å"free Body and

Disease and health Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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